Diabetic Diet & Blood Gluecose

To carry out an investigation of hyperglycemia,one has to carry out a urine glucose test first,followed by a blood glucose test and finally a glucose tolerance test.what are the reasons for performing these tests in this sequence.

cost

Aloha! Which is more dangerous, an episode of hypoglycemia or an episode of hyperglycemia? Justify please.
Thanks a lot^^

Both will kill you, but hypoglycemia is considered more dangerous. Hypoglycemia will kill you in minutes or hours, hyperglycemia will kill you in days or weeks.

(cont) diabetes?

doing a project on DM. Specifically interested in specific physiological implications of DM on a cellular level. Reference links are appreciated.

Diabetes mellitus (DM, like you said) comes in two types: type 1 and type 2, commonly called child onset and adult onset respectively, but not always correctly.

Type 1: The basis of this is uncertain. Everyone is born with a functioning pancreas, in which the alpha and beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans pump out insulin and glucagon just as they should. Some time between the age of 0 and about 25, some people lose the function of the beta cells, and their blood insulin levels drop to zero. As the function of insulin is the downregulate blood glucose, that then skyrockets. This has all sorts of bad effects on the body and its cells, but most of them are not immediately felt. Some scientists believe the damage is autoimmune or caused by a virus, but nobody really knows for sure. It doesn’t appear to be genetic.

Type 2: You produce enough insulin (sometimes too much!) but your body can’t recognise it. This is unfortunately genetic. Certain races are much more likely to develop it (South East Asians and Afro-Caribbeans), and there is a possibility that it is dietary as well. It is certainly documented that the risk increases with waist circumference and a bad diet (lots of fat, salt, etc.), as well as being male. However, DMT2 running in the family doesn’t mean you are phenotypically diabetic; it’s just a predisposition, like a predisposition to schizophrenia doesn’t mean you are mentally ill.

Cellular Level explanation: Essentially, in DMT1 there is no insulin and in DMT2 the cells can’t recognise the insulin (defective cell surface receptors, if you want to know). This means that all the actions that insulin usually delivers are lost. This includes:
- the cells absorbing more glucose from the blood
- the liver and muscles storing more glucose as glycogen
- fat cells turning it into fat
- reduced glycogen and fat breakdown
- and lots more!

This leaves your blood glucose really high, which is usually what they test for. What is a lot worse is HYPOglycaemia (low blood sugar). This can cause unconsciousness in minutes, coma then death, because of your brain.
Your body can respire with lots of things (known as respiratory substrates), including carbohydrates, proteins and fats. However, your brain is much pickier: it will only use glucose and, at a pinch, ketones. Using ketones once glucose has run out buys you some time, but they don’t really work so well (hence the sluggishness associated with hypo) and they cause a state called ketoacidosis (you can actually smell this on someone’s breath – smells like pear drops). This is what can cause death if blood sugar isn’t restored.

Which of the following agonists can cause hyperglycemia in diabetics?
a) ?2-agonist*
b) ?1-agonist
c) ?3-agonist
d) ?2-agonist*
e) ?1-agonist

i know that alpha 2 s cause decrease in insulin secretion whereas beta 2s cause increase in insulin secretion, however dont beta 2s include increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in muscles and liver? thus making more glucose available….any help is appreciated as i just started pharm in m2.

YOU ARE ON THE RIGHT TRACK… Beta 2 agonists stimulate glycogenolysis and the release of glucagon from the pancreas, causing hyperglycemia…

why would a person with hyperglycemia be at an increased risk for heart disease and kidney disease?

YES. Having high sugar content in your blood can damage and "furr up"/narrow your blood vessels. Small vessels like the ones that goes to supply blood to your heart and kidneys are especially prone. Your nerves will also suffer and your vision for example will go funny. So if you are a diabetic it is vital to have good control of your blood sugar to prevent all these damages from occurring inside your body. (I know it’s easier said than done). Possibly seek help from a dietitian?

ellevated sugar levels. how do they ruin the body?

Specific Conditions
•Bone and Joint Problems Associated with DiabetesBone and Joint Problems Associated with Diabetes http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/diabetes/AN01072/METHOD=print(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
•Diabetes and Alzheimer’s •Diabetes, Heart Disease, and StrokeDiabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/stroke/(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
•Diabetes: How Does It Affect My Liver?Diabetes: How Does It Affect My Liver?
•Diabetic ComaDiabetic Coma http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/diabetic-coma/•Diabetic Heart DiseaseDiabetic Heart Disease •Diabetic Hyperosmolar SyndromeDiabetic Hyperosmolar Syndrome•Diabetic KetoacidosisDiabetic Ketoacidosis http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/diabetic-ketoacidosis/DS00674/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
•Diabetic Vascular DiseaseDiabetic Vascular Disease https://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/Pages/DiabeticVascularDisease.aspx(Society for Vascular Surgery)
•GastroparesisGastroparesis http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gastroparesis/(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
•If You Have Diabetes You Are at High Risk for Heart Attack & StrokeIf You Have Diabetes You Are at High Risk for Heart Attack & Stroke •Recognizing Anemia in People with DiabetesRecognizing Anemia in People with Diabetes http://www.anemia.org/patients/feature-articles/content.php?contentid=000367§ionid=00015(National Anemia Action Council)
•Sexual and Urologic Problems of DiabetesSexual and Urologic Problems of Diabetes http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/sup/(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
•Skin ComplicationsSkin Complications http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/skin-complications.html(American Diabetes Association)
•What People with Diabetes Need to Know about OsteoporosisWhat People with Diabetes Need to Know about Osteoporosis http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/Conditions_Behaviors/diabetes.asp(National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)

Tin

If you have any of the early signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia you need to:

1. Test your blood glucose.
2. If you have type 1 diabetes and your blood glucose is more than 300 mg/dl, test your urine for ketones.
3. Call your doctor if your blood glucose is greater than 180 mg/dl for more than one week or if you have two consecutive readings greater than 300 mg/dl.
4. Avoid beverages that contain sugar.
5. Make sure you are following your meal plan, exercise program, and medication routine.

When you have hyperglycemia for long periods of time, damage to nerves, blood vessels, and other body organs can occur.

Ive noticed that when i go through my day and don’t have any sugar i get severe headaches… There not the normal headaches, as pain radiates all over. However all it takes is a piece of fruit or a soda and im fine within a matter of minutes. Is this a symptom of diabetes?

"If I go WITHOUT any sugar…. symptom of HYPERglycemia"? Babe, if you get these when you go WITHOUT sugar, how could you POSSIBLY conclude that you are diabetic, or have issues with TOO MUCH sugar?
The human body requires a certain amount of sugar per day in order to survive. If you get these headaches from LACK of sugar, what you’re experiencing is HYPO glycemia, not HYPER glycemia.
Your body needs some sugar for energy, it needs sugar in order to absorb any water you consume. If you go WITHOUT any sugar, even (especially, rather) if you are dieting, your body will suffer from low blood sugar levels and dehydration. Other symptooms of hypoglycemia may include dizziness and lethargy.
If you’re trying to diet, find sources of complex carbohydrates and complex sugars that your body can break down. Complex carbs do not go straight to fat cells and breaking them down into a usable energy source burns calories.

High blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia

i went to the drs today cos i have felt funny all week.
so he said i have low blood sugar what will raise my blood sugar level.

coffee
salt
chocolate

what will raise it.
what would happen if i raised it to much, would this give me diabites =O

Avoid junk food, white flour, most sugar, fruit juice, and pop with sugar in it.

Switch to a healthier diet.

Eat complex carbs: things like whole grain breads instead of white bread. Whole grain pasta instead of white pasta, brown rice instead of white rice.

Eat a little more protien, but make sure its lean meat, beans, low fat cheese, or fish. No fried food.

Have smaller meals and add in a couple of healthy snacks per day.

Get tested for diabetes every year. I started out with hypoglycemia, and ended up with diabetes and so did my mother. I recommend you get tested. If you are already diabetic, you can feel like you have low blood sugar even when its too high.

Ask for an HbA1c test and a Glucose Tolerance Test.

Get them done every year to keep an eye on this problem. That way, if it does become diabetes you’ll know and can get started on proper treatment before it damages your nerves, eyesight, heart, kidneys and so on.

Good luck!

the ER doc measure my sugar blood level as 171 and took my numbness and in ability to move or control my limbs, and my racing heart as a panic attack…..

what do you think?

i think your best bet is to contact a doctor for some further testing.

yes, 171 is too high for someone without diabetes. HOWEVER…stress will always cause my blood sugar to shoot up and you were in the ER. For a panic attack. also, you don’t mention how long it had been since you had last eaten/drank something. did they have you hooked up to any sort of an IV? IV solutions can sometime contain dextrose.

Speak to your primary doc. Let him/her know that your blood sugar tested high in the ER. they can schedule you for either a fasting glucose or a glucose tolerance test.

are you haveing any of the symptoms of diabetes?
increased thirst
increased urination
unexplained weight loss